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Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines, which are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming. [14] rising costs of fuels oil, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on emissions of greenhouse gases are driving systems work in alternative energy for automobiles. Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, electric and hydrogen vehicles not release pollution into the air.

Petroleum fuels

Main article: diesel engine oil Main article: Diesel engine free articles directory

Cars with engine diesel have been popular in Europe with the first models being introduced in 1922 [15] by Peugeot and the first production car, Mercedes-Benz 260 D 1936 Mercedes-Benz.

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The main advantage of diesel is a fuel burning efficiency of 50% compared with 27% [16] in the best gasoline engines. The downside is that the diesel engine will require better filters to reduce the presence in the exhaust soot, fine particles of diesel particles called. Manufacturers are beginning to fit [when?] Filters to remove diesel particulate soot. Many diesel-powered cars can run with little or no modifications on 100% biodiesel and combinations of other organic oils.

Petrol

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2007 Mark II (BMW) Mini Cooper

Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher slew rate and are the usual option for mounting high-performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has produced improvements in efficiency and reduce pollution. The carburetor was used on almost all car engines of road until the 1980s, but was long realize better control of air / fuel mixture could be achieved with fuel injection. Indirect injection was first used in engines aircraft, 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the 1950s [16]. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) is beginning to appear on production vehicles like the 2007 (Mark II) BMW Mini. The exhaust gases are cleaned by installing a catalytic converter in the exhaust system. The clean air legislation in many of the automotive industries most important markets has made both catalysts and injection accessories virtually universal fuel. Most modern gasoline engines also are capable of running with up to 15% ethanol blended in gasoline - vehicles older may have seals and hoses that can be damaged by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (including Brazil), but vehicles must be started on pure gasoline to move to ethanol once the engine running. Most gasoline engined cars can also run on LPG with the addition of an LPG tank for storage fuel and changes in the carburetor to add a mixer LPG. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and fuel is a popular for fork-lifts have to operate inside buildings.

The hydrogen powered FCHV (Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle) was developed by Toyota in 2005

Biofuels

Main article: biofuels, fuel ethanol and biogasoline

Ethanol, other alcohol fuels (biobutanol) and biogasoline have widespread use an automotive fuel. Most alcohols have less energy per liter of gasoline and are usually blended with gasoline. Alcohols are used for a variety of reasons - to increase octane, to improve emissions and as an alternative to petroleum-based fuel, since it can be made from agricultural crops. Brazil's ethanol program provides about 20% of the needs of automotive fuel in the nation, as a result of mandatory use of E25 blend of gasoline throughout the country, 3 million cars running on pure ethanol, and 6 million dual or flexible-fuel vehicles sold since 2003. [17] which work with any mixture of ethanol and gasoline. The commercial success of "flex" vehicles, as is popularly known, has allowed sugar cane fuel ethanol to achieve a market share of 50% of the gasoline market in April 2008. [18] [19] [20]

Electric

Main article: Vehicle electric hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrid
The Henney Kilowatt, the first modern (transistor-controlled) electric car.
2007 Tesla Roadster electric powered
Tata / MDI Air Car OneCAT
A high power CNG Neoplan AN440A floor, run the Compressed Natural Gas

The first electric cars were Built around 1832, well before internal combustion powered cars appeared. [21] For a period of time were considered superior electrical due to the silent nature of electric motors compared to the loud noise of the gasoline engine. This advantage was eliminated with the invention of Hiram Percy Maxim's the scarf in 1897. Thereafter internal combustion cars powered with two advantages: 1) long and 2) the specific energy (far below the weight gasoline based on the weight of batteries). The construction of battery electric vehicles that could rival internal combustion models had to wait for the introduction of semiconductor controls and improved modern batteries. Because they can deliver high torque at low revolutions electric cars not require such a powertrain and transmission of complex and internal combustion vehicles powered. Some post-2000 electric car designs

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